Cost Accounting Standard 402 - Preambles
Preambles to Cost Accounting Standard 402, Consistency in Allocating Costs Incurred for the Same Purpose
Preamble A
Preamble to Original Publication of Part 402, 2-29-72
Preamble to original publication of 4 CFR Part 402, 37 FR 4139. Feb. 29, 1972. That publication also included the addition of 4 CFR Parts 331, 351, 400, and 401, and so material relating to those parts has been omitted. It appears in the Supplements to those parts.
General Comments
The purpose of the regulations promulgated today by the Cost Accounting Standards Board is to implement section 719 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended, 50 U.S.C.App. 2168, which provides for development of Cost Accounting Standards to be used in connection with negotiated national defense contracts and for disclosure of cost accounting practices to be used in such contracts. The Board believes the materials being promulgated today constitute a significant initial step toward accomplishing one of its major objectives -- improved cost accounting and the proper determination of the cost of negotiated defense contracts. The regulations spell out contract coverage (Part 331), disclosure requirements (Part 351), a compilation of Definitions (Part 400), and two Cost Accounting Standards, one calling for consistency in estimating, accumulating, and reporting costs (Part 401), and the other calling for consistency in allocating costs incurred for the same purpose (Part 402).
Development of the material being promulgated today began many months ago with extensive research. It included examining publications on the subject, conferring with knowledgeable representatives of various Government agencies, Government contractors, industry associations, and professional accounting associations, and identifying and considering all available viewpoints. From this research, the initial versions of the material now being published were developed. As a part of the continuing research effort, these initial drafts were sent to 81 agencies, associations, and Government contractors which had expressed interest in assisting the Board in its work, and their comments were solicited. Some national defense contractors field-tested the material to see how it would apply to and affect their operations and advised the Board of their findings. In each step of the research process, the Board and its staff have urged and received active participation and assistance by Government, industry, and accounting organizations. Their cooperative efforts contributed in large measure to the exposure draft published in the December 30, 1971, Federal Register for comment.
To better assure that all who might want to comment had an opportunity to do so, the Board supplemented the Federal Register notice by sending copies of the Federal Register materials directly to about 175 organizations and individuals who had expressed interest or had provided assistance in the development of the published material. Also, a press release was distributed announcing the publication, which resulted in numerous articles in journals. The Board availed itself of all opportunities to publicize the proposals and solicit comments on them.
Written comments in response to the published material were requested by February 4, 1972. Comments were received from 105 sources, including Government agencies, professional associations, industry associations, public accounting firms, individual companies, and others. The Board appreciates the obvious care and attention devoted by commentators, and as will be seen below, the Board has greatly benefited from the comments received.
Many of the comments received were addressed to all parts of the proposed Board rules as well as to the question of public availability of the Disclosure Statements. All of the comments received have been carefully considered by the Board taking into account the requirements of section 719. Understandably, many of the comments were addressed to issues which recur in two or more of the proposed parts while others dealt only with specific sections. Comments which dealt with 11 general issues are discussed separately below followed by a section-by-section analysis of other comments. Appropriate changes have been made in the material promulgated based on the Board’s disposition of the comments received.
Those comments and suggestions received which are of particular significance are discussed below.
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Part 402 Title
One commentator pointed out that the definition of the word “allocate” covered all of the actions encompassed by the word “charge” and, therefore, the title of the standard should be changed to delete the words “charging and.” The Board agrees and has made the appropriate change here and elsewhere throughout the standard.
Section 402.40 Fundamental Requirement
A number of commentators suggested a change to the standard to eliminate the requirement that direct and indirect costs be consistently allocated to all final cost objectives. Making the standard applicable only to individual contracts would permit a choice to be made solely on the basis of short-term economic benefit; the Board therefore has not adopted the suggestion.
Section 402.50 Techniques for Application
Several commentators noted that the standard discusses the required treatment of incurred costs but does not cover estimated costs. The Board intends that both types of costs be covered by the standard and has therefore added a new paragraph to this section to make that intention clear.
A number of commentators suggested that the concept of materiality be included in the standard to allow the handling of minor direct cost items as indirect costs similar to the treatment accorded materiality in current ASPR regulations. The Board agrees, and has included a materiality statement in this section.
Several commentators did not understand the relationship of this standard to the Disclosure Statement. (This relationship is set out in paragraph (b) of this section). The Board intends to allow the contractor to disclose the cost accounting practices and criteria appropriate to his own situation while at the same time imposing the requirement that he adhere consistently to the choices once made. The Disclosure Statement is the vehicle by which the contractor describes the criteria and circumstances which define costs which are or are not incurred for the same purpose.
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Effective date and application. For the convenience of readers, the following summarizes the effective dates set forth in 331.8, 351.4(e), and Parts 400, 401, and 402, which were transmitted to the Congress on February 24, 1972, pursuant to section 719(h)(3) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 as amended. After the expiration of a period of 60 calendar days of continuous session following the date of transmittal to the Congress, the regulations herein promulgated shall take effect as set forth in those regulations, unless there is passed by the two Houses a concurrent resolution stating in substance that the Congress does not favor the proposed standards, rules, or regulations.
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4. Any contractor having a contract awarded prior to July 1, 1972, which contains a clause which already incorporates requirements governing submission of Disclosure Statements and application of Cost Accounting Standards will be required to comply with the provisions of that clause. In this connection, such contractor and the respective contracting agencies whose contracts contain such a clause should review those contracts to determine whether negotiations should be instituted to make Parts 400 through 402 applicable to them.
Preamble B
Amendments Published 11-7-73
Preamble to revision of the definitions of “cost objective” and “indirect cost pool”, 402.30(a) (2) and (6); 38 FR 30725, Nov. 7, 1973. Material relating to other parts of 4 CFR Chapter III, published in the same document, has been omitted, and appears in the Supplements to those parts.
The purpose of this publication by the Cost Accounting Standards Board is to amend Parts 331, 351, 400, 401, 402, 403, and 404 of its rules and regulations. The amendments, which are minor clarifications to the regulations were published in the Federal Register of September 5, 1973 (38 FR 23971). The amendments: * * * (c) modify certain definitions in Parts 400, 401, 402, 403, and 404 for the purposes of uniformity among the various parts. Only one comment in response to the September publication has been received by the Board. This expressed agreement with the proposed changes.
In view of the foregoing, the following amendments to the Board’s regulations are being made effective November 7, 1973.
Preamble C
Amendment Published 6-18-76
Preamble to the addition of Appendix -- Interpretation No. 1 added on June 18, 1976 at 41 FR 24691.
Interpretation No. 1 to Part 402, Cost Accounting Standard, Consistency in Allocating Costs Incurred for the Same Purpose, is being published today by the Cost Accounting Standards Board pursuant to Section 719 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended. (Pub.L.91-379, 50 U.S.C.App. 2168). The interpretation deals with the application of 402.40 of Part 402 to proposal costs. Section 402.40 provides that, “All costs incurred for the same purpose, in like circumstances, are either direct costs only or indirect costs only with respect to final cost objectives.”
A number of questions had been raised by both the Government and contractors as to how Cost Accounting Standard 402 is to be applied to the accounting for proposal costs and, particularly, as to whether all costs incurred in preparing proposals are incurred for the same purpose, in like circumstances. A proposed interpretation was published in the Federal Register of February 4, 1976, with an invitation to interested parties to submit written comments if the proposed interpretation did not respond fully, or did not respond clearly enough, to what the Board understood to be the questions which had arisen. The Board also supplemented the invitation in the Federal Register by sending copies of the proposed interpretation to several hundred organizations and individuals. The Board received 32 written comments from companies, Government agencies, industry and professional associations, and others. All of these comments have been carefully considered by the Board. The issues of particular significance which were discussed by respondents in connection with the proposed interpretation are summarized below, together with explanations of the changes made in the interpretation being published today. The Board takes this opportunity to express its appreciation for the helpful suggestions and criticisms that were received.
(1) Specific requirement provision. Several commentators, while suggesting changes to the proposed interpretation published on February 4, 1976, commended the Board for recognizing the problem with respect to the application of 402.40 of Part 402 to the costs incurred in preparing proposals and believed that the interpretation would resolve a long-standing area of controversy. The most prevalent comments received dealt with costs incurred in preparing a follow-on proposal which is not specifically required by an existing contract. Many commentators suggested that the words “specific requirement” be deleted and that, in lieu thereof words such as “related to,” “arising from,” “identified with,” or “directly associated with,” be used. Other commentators, while agreeing that the “specific requirement” provision should be retained, suggested an expansion to also cover proposals “related to” existing contracts such as proposals for follow-on contracts. Still other commentators, however, believed that the “specific requirement” provision was appropriate and should be retained without addition or other change.
In the February 4, 1976, publication of the proposed interpretation, the distinguishing characteristic noted by the Board for determining if circumstances can be considered to be different with respect to costs incurred in preparing two proposals was whether one proposal was prepared pursuant to a specific requirement of an existing contract while the other was not. The Board continues in the belief that the “specific requirement” provision is the distinguishing characteristic and, accordingly, has retained this provision in the interpretation being published today.
Several commentators suggested that proposals prepared in order to comply with other contract provisions such as when the Government exercises an unpriced option or when an option is repriced, should considered to be specifically required under the Interpretation. The Board believes that the interpretation being published today accommodates this suggestion.
One commentator suggested that the Board’s intent be clarified with respect to whether only proposals required by line items in a contract are considered to be specifically required by the contract. The Board intended that, while the “specific requirement” could be a line item in a contract, it need not be. Proposals specifically required by any other provisions of a contract, such as the requirement in the Changes clause of Standard Form 32, that any “claim by the contractor for adjustment under this clause must be asserted within 30 days from the date of receipt by the contractor of the notification of change,” are considered to be specifically required under the interpretation.
(2) Indirect allocation of all proposal costs. A few commentators recommended clarification of the final paragraph in the proposed interpretation as published on February 4, 1976. One commentator stated that the paragraph could be interpreted as authorizing contractors to allocate all proposal costs indirectly while another commentator believed that the subject of indirect allocation of all proposal costs should be developed later as a separate issue. The paragraph has been revised (a) to give recognition to the fact that some contractors’ accounting practices now provide that all proposal costs are pooled and allocated indirectly and (b) to make it clear that, in this respect, no change in a contractor’s accounting practice or allocation method is required by this interpretation if the cost accounting practice is being followed consistently and if the allocation method provides an equitable distribution to all final cost objectives.
(3) Determination of cost accounting practices by contracting officer. A few commentators stated that the words, “specific requirement of an existing contract” would place contracting officers in the position of determining cost accounting practices because they could determine whether there would be a specific requirement in a contract.
Contracting officers now decide for almost every contract whether to include or exclude specific contractual requirements covering a wide variety of activities. The Board believes that inclusion or exclusion of a specific requirement in a contract may influence the cost accounting practice being followed but the decision to include or exclude the requirement is not the determinant of the cost accounting practice.
(4) Prospective application. Two commentators suggested that, under this interpretation, certain proposal costs which some contractors have allocated directly to contracts will have to be allocated indirectly. One of the commentators recommended that, consequently, the interpretation should be applied on a prospective basis only.
Cost Accounting Standard 402, which became effective July 1, 1972, states that, “All costs incurred for the same purpose, in like circumstances, are either direct costs only or indirect costs only with respect to final cost objectives.” Interpretation No. 1 to Part 402 recognizes that the circumstances involved in preparing certain proposals are different from the circumstances involved in preparing other proposals. The interpretation explains when, under the Standard, certain proposal costs are consequently deemed to have been incurred in unlike circumstances and therefore may be accounted for differently.
Although the interpretation is being provided to explain in greater detail how Cost Accounting Standard 402 applies to costs incurred in preparing proposals, the Standard from its inception has applied to these costs in this way. As to any individual contractor, Standard 402 has applied to such costs from whatever date that Standard became applicable to that contractor. The commentator’s recommendation therefore has not been accepted. In view of the widespread uncertainty over the application of Standard 402 to proposal costs, however, the Board believes that any failures to follow the Standard in this respect have been inadvertent. The Board also believes that any adjustments should be made with due consideration to the Board’s statement on materiality.
(5) Accounting for the cost of proposals for follow-on contracts. Several commentators stated that the interpretation would create cost accounting problems with respect to accounting for the cost of proposals for follow-on contracts. The statement was made that a follow-on proposal is prepared by employees assigned full time to the on-going program and that it would be most difficult and impractical to attempt to separate their labor costs for preparing follow-on proposals from their other labor costs of the on-going program.
The Board recognizes the possibility that some contractors may have to refine somewhat their present practices for distributing incurred labor costs in order to separate the costs of preparing proposals for a follow-on contract from the costs of an existing contract. The Board does not agree, however, that whatever refinements may be necessary should be difficult or impractical to develop.
(6) Other comments. One Commentator suggested that it be clearly stated in the interpretation that proposal costs allocated direct to contracts will have overhead and General and Administrative expenses (including indirect proposal costs) applied. The Board agrees that proposal costs allocated direct to a contract are no different than any other costs allocated direct to that contract but believes this is self-evident and that no change in the interpretation is required.
Another commentator suggested that the word “bid” be added to the interpretation in conjunction with the word “proposal.” The Board intends that the interpretation apply to a “proposal” as defined in 4 CFR, Part 400.
A few commentators requested clarification of the wording of the introductory comments and the proposed interpretation published on February 4, 1976. The introductory comments stated that, “Costs * * * are incurred in different circumstances * * *” whereas the proposed interpretation stated that, “The contracting parties can determine that the circumstances are different * * *.” Accordingly, the Board has deleted the words, “The contracting parties can determine that * * *” from the interpretation being published today.
Another commentator suggested that the phrase, “to all work of the contractor,” in the last sentence of the third paragraph of the interpretation be clarified because some companies have several indirect cost pools for proposal costs, one for each major product line within a division. The commentator believed that the phrase could be misinterpreted as limiting the number of such indirect cost pools to only one pool for each division. It is not the intent of the Board to change, through this interpretation, any of the established cost accounting practices now being followed by contractors with respect to the pooling and allocation of indirect proposal costs. Accordingly, if it is the contractor’s established cost accounting practice to pool and allocate indirect proposal costs by product groupings, he may continue to do so.
One commentator requested a statement in the interpretation with respect to solicited and unsolicited proposals, particularly as to “whether one or the other is properly included in the direct or indirect charge category.” The determination as to like or unlike circumstances does not depend on whether a proposal is solicited or unsolicited. The test is whether the proposal was specifically required by an existing contract.
Preamble D
Preamble to Document Published 6-8-78
The document published on June 8, 1978 at 43 FR 24819, revised 402.10. This amendment was part of a publication which added 331.30(b)(3). Only the portion of the preamble which describes the revision to 402.10 is printed here. The remainder of the preamble appears as preamble K of the supplement to Part 331.
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In the Federal Register of February 16, 1977 (42 FR 9391), the Board proposed to amend section. 10, General Applicability, of standards 401 through 409 to conform these sections to the general applicability section as it appears in standard 410 et seq. No comments were received on this proposed amendment. The Board considers this change to be appropriate and is amending standards 401 through 409 as set forth below.